What Could Be Worse than Death Genocide

What Could Be Worse than Death Genocide Acquaintance Genocide alludes with the annihilation of a strict, ethnic or some other human gathering to some degree or completely (Andreopoulos 35). The term was instituted in 1944 and used to allude to an amazingly dangerous demonstration of savagery that prompted enormous passings and obliterations (Stanton 6). The Rwandan massacre would one say one is of the most dreadful disasters and wrongdoings against mankind that have consistently happened.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on What Could Be Worse than Death? Destruction explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper looks to figure out how to make it simpler for individuals in specific nations to take a stand in opposition to decimation and request help. This assistance can give some help or carry some harmony to the lives of individuals who have encountered the detestations of destruction. Moreover, it will give more data on slaughter and clarify why individuals have not gained from its past events and why it keeps on occurring in places, for example, Darfur in Sudan. Slaughter is more terrible than death due to its awful results, for example, decimation of human life and the passionate and mental injury experienced by casualties. Conversation Genocide includes the mass homicide of individuals dependent on factors, for example, ethnicity, religion or political association. It is intentional, all around arranged and propagated by people who are inspired by partialities, vengeance, prejudice, bad form and narrow mindedness (Andreopoulos 38). For massacre to happen, certain conditions must be available. In the first place, there must be a culture of non-worry for human life in the general public. Besides, there must be a gathering that thinks about others as shameful, less human and mediocre. Thirdly, the prevailing gathering must be made out of hoodlums and ought to have support from ground-breaking associations or people (Andreopoulos 38). The Rwandan slaughter that occurred in 1994 was an awful encounter for the nation. The annihilation was described by the utilization of ruthless weapons, coldblooded murdering and extraordinary anguish (Stanton 6). Blades and clubs were the weapons of decision utilized by men who were uniquely prepared to slaughter individuals. The decimation included unlawful crews that got help from the military (Stanton 6). At whatever point the crews experienced obstruction or restriction, the military supported them up. In most annihilation cases, the killings were coordinated towards specific gatherings of individuals that had defiant political views.Advertising Looking for article on sociologies? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Killings were generally executed by governments that eradicated certain gatherings that they thought about a danger to the legislature. Killings were led by the military, utilizing government assets and backing. The individuals were execu ted without a second thought since they couldn't secure themselves or stop the killings. In Rwanda, nearby specialists assembled individuals in places where the illicit crews butchered them. Individuals were killed paying little mind to their sex or age. Ladies, youngsters and children were barbarously slaughtered in medical clinics, schools and houses of worship. During the Rwanda decimation, in excess of 60,000 individuals were executed during the main end of the week (Stanton 8). In contrast to the murdering of the Jews and the Armenians, the Rwanda decimation was not kept in a mystery. Columnists announced the happenings as they had seen them. In the towns, bodies were secured with banana leaves to stay away from worldwide investigation (Stanton 9). The executioners were affected through radio broadcasts to continue with the killings and encouraged to shroud the carcasses. They consumed youngsters in schools, moms and children in emergency clinics, and grown-ups in houses of wor ship (Stanton 11). Overcomers of annihilation are looking for shelter in outcast camps, the spots that have pitiable and profoundly corrupting day to day environments. They can't meet the fundamental human needs, for example, food, apparel and safe house arrangements. Little water is accessible to the extraordinary number of individuals housed there, and comforts, for example, toilets, are scant. In many camps, ailments are handily spread in view of clog. Youngsters bite the dust each day on the grounds that there is little food accessible, and their folks have no way to fight for them. Medicinal services administrations are scant, and numerous individuals kick the bucket powerlessly, while sitting tight for help. A few countries have not taken in any exercises from the past instances of massacre. Today, massacre exists as a result of voracity for influence and riches by governments (Peaces of the World n.pag.). In Darfur district of Sudan, annihilation is asserting a great many hon est lives each day. More than 400,000 lives have been lost, and the circumstance is deteriorating day subsequent to day.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on What Could Be Worse than Death? Decimation explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Sudanese government is liable for these cases, as they recruited a radical gathering known as Janjaweed to sustain the killings (Peaces of the World n.pag.). The global network has done little to stop the killings, and this has irritated the circumstance. The world needs to join together and do all that is important to stop these killings. End Genocide alludes to the barbaric obliteration of a piece of or the whole strict or ethnic gathering. The most noticeably terrible result of slaughter is the enthusiastic and mental injury that survivors and casualties need to manage during as long as they can remember. Decimation killings are still sustained by governments in specific nations. In Darfur area of Sudan, annihil ation asserted a great many honest lives each day. Ladies and youngsters were murdered and assaulted under the watch of the legislature. Decimation is more awful than death on account of its repulsive and embarrassing methods just as horrendous results, for example, pulverization of human life and the passionate and mental injury experienced by its casualties. Andreopoulos, George. Massacre: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1997. Print. Harmonies of the World. The After-Effects of Genocide on a Country and its People. n.d. Web. Stanton, Gregory. Rwandan Genocide: Why Early Warning Failed. Diary of African Conflicts and Peace Studies, 1.1 (2009): 6-25. Print.

Quantifying systemic risk in the European banking sector. A Research Paper

Evaluating fundamental hazard in the European financial part. A multidimensional methodology - Research Paper Example Foundational chance is a definitive danger, its sources are fluctuated and the spread instruments include significant lopsided characteristics. The money related financial space bolsters the current research, a decision roused by the basic of distinguishing potential hazard conveying factors so as to profoundly examine their effect and raise systems for a productive alignment of monetary introduction levels. A significant separation inside the financial area, at first intended to serve the genuine economy produces serious awkward nature with long haul suggestions for the entire money related industry and potential ruinous nature for the monetary condition. The inclination for this point is advocated by its reality and most extreme significance for the European banking, money related network and the whole monetary field. Banks’ approaches and techniques, new items, innovations and administrations, rivalry arrangements and the serious condition give space to risk’s rise. Furthermore, the expanded degree of budgetary joining and the globalization ties encourage the presence of new infection channels, as past financial encounters and overall strains appear. Mapping the present needs of the worldwide economy intends to distinguish chances and measure their belongings. A significant test is to reestablish and fortify the budgetary and financial dependability and the essential for accomplishing this objective is the comprehension of foundational chance nature, its sources as far as structures and sizes. The rich existing scholarly writing concentrated on hypothetical models and observational confirmations around the foundational chance idea and the impacts on the whole money related financial industry bolster the significance of the tended to subject. The new worldwide real factors and the highlights of the administrative and administrative exercises underline the requirement for an all the more impressive, strong emergencies the board and European answe rs for overseeing foundational chance. I. Writing survey The principal hypothetical methodologies on fundamental hazard can be followed back to the period 1929-1933, during the Great Depression; as an unmistakable figure, history summons John Maynard Keynes1, who depicts the economy set apart by a stun in the money related framework - a succession of occasions conventionally called infection. Comprehensively, foundational chance is identified with complex negative occasions at the same time influencing establishments, markets and systems. From a thin perspective, the center component of the term is the disease starting with one market structure then onto the next. Clarifying the idea of foundational hazard requires an explanation of ideas continuing and succeeding its ascent: the fundamental occasion, and separately, the foundational emergency. A foundational occasion happens when negative data about an establishment spreads in the framework and unfavorably impacts the members. Alle n and Gale (2000) and Freixas, Parigi and Rochet (2000) analyze the danger of virus looking like a domino impact, as a fundamental component of the foundational chance engineering. High-sway foundational occasions (for instance, a bank breakdown aftereffect of an underlying stun) convert into infection; if the stun doesn’t lead to disappointment, the occasion can be limited. A foundational occasion has two parts: the stuns (quirky, methodical) and the spread instruments. On the off chance that particular stuns influence individual money related organizations, methodical stuns spread over the entire economy and lopsidedness every single monetary structure in a similar time. Methodical stuns are reflected in

What Is an Emotional Support Animal

What Is an Emotional Support Animal Happiness Print What Is an Emotional Support Animal? By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 25, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 17, 2019  Rafael Elias/Getty Images More in Self-Improvement Happiness Meditation Stress Management Spirituality Holistic Health Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All In This Article Table of Contents Expand Definition Benefits Research Emotional vs. Service Animals Laws Controversy Ethical Considerations Eligibility View All Back To Top Animals can provide joy and companionship. Animals can also provide emotional support to people with mental health concerns. These animal companions are known as emotional support animals (ESAs), and they have been growing in popularity in recent years. Definition An emotional support animal is an animal companion that offers some type of benefit to an individual with some form of disability. The animal is intended to provide companionship and support that will help alleviate at least one aspect of the disability. Dogs are the most common type of emotional support animal, but cats are quite common as well. Other types of animals, such as miniature horses, can also serve as ESAs. For example,  a peacock made headlines after it was denied from entering a United Airlines flight, despite the fact that its owner said that the animal was an emotional support animal. Some of the more unusual emotional support animals that have flown with their owners include a pig, a duck, a monkey, and a turkey. The vast majority of ESAs are not rare, exotic, or barnyard creatures. Benefits Why would an individual choose to use an emotional support animal? Research has long supported the idea that animals can provide significant mental health benefits. One research review found that owning a pet has positive effects on mental health by fostering emotional connectivity and helping people manage in times of crisis. Some of the other benefits that emotional support animals may provide include: Less anxiety. Simply petting an animal can create a relaxation response and elevate mood.Trauma support. Pets can provide comfort to people who are dealing with difficult situations, including those who have experienced some type of trauma.Improved physical health. Studies have found that emotional support animals help to lower blood pressure, decrease respiration rates, and improve the ability to cope with pain.Fewer feelings of loneliness. Animals can provide companionship, which is especially important for people who live alone and experience symptoms of depression and anxiety.Reciprocal care and love. Caring for an emotional support animal can also help give people a sense of purpose. Not only do animals provide unconditional love and companionship, but they also require care and love in return, which can be emotionally rewarding. Research Its easy to say that animals can help make people calmer, happier, and even more fulfilled. But are emotional support animals really that different from any beloved pet? So far, the research remains inconclusive. While some suggest that support animals may produce positive effects, support for the therapeutic effectiveness of emotional support animals tends to be scant. For example, research has not been able to demonstrate that support animals provide significant benefits over what any regular pet would provide. According to a 2016 study published in the journal Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, it is not clear whether emotional support animals have any therapeutic effects beyond the positive benefits that animals provide in general. “Little empirical data exists to support the conclusion that ESAs are effective in mitigating psychological disorders and related problems, and empirical research that does exist is inconsistent, sparse and emerging,” suggested psychologists Jeffrey Younggren and his colleagues in an article published by the American Psychological Association in 2016. Further research may be needed to help demonstrate what impact emotional support animals might have and when ESAs may be the most beneficial.   Emotional vs. Service Animals While emotional support animals and service animals share some similarities, there are important distinctions between the two. Emotional support animals are intended to provide companionship and support. Service animals, on the other hand, assist individuals with disabilities by performing specific tasks.   Service animals are those that have been specially trained to perform a service for a person with some form of disability. Such disabilities may be sensory, physical, intellectual, psychiatric, or mental in nature. Tasks that a service animal might perform include alerting a person about a sound, guiding a person along the street, pressing an elevator button, retrieving items, alerting others or standing guard if the individual is experiencing a seizure, or reminding the individual to take his or her medication. Emotional support animals, on the other hand, are there to provide companionship aimed at alleviating distress or provide some other type of relief.   Titles II and III of the Americans with Disabilities Act specify that service animals must be dogs, although reasonable accommodations must be made to allow miniature horses to serve as service animals in cases where the animals have received training to perform specific tasks for the disabled person. ESAs Provide companionship and emotional support to individuals with disabilities Do not require specialized training Covered under the Federal Fair Housing Act Service Animals Assist individuals with disabilities with specific tasks (reminding someone to take their meds, alert others of a seizure, etc.) Require specialized training Covered under the Americans With Disabilities Act It is also important to note that emotional support animals and psychiatric service animals are not the same things. Where an emotional support animal may provide benefits to people with mental illness, psychiatric service animals are specially trained to perform specific tasks for people with psychiatric conditions. This might include reminding the individual to take their medications or stop someone from engaging in self-harm. Psychiatric Service Animals and Social Anxiety Disorder Laws Under the Federal Fair Housing Act, housing providers are required to make reasonable accommodations to allow individuals with disabilities to keep an assistant animal in their home. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) requires housing providers to make exceptions to no pets policies. The two conditions required for such an exception: The individual living with the animal must have some type of disability that significantly limits one or more major life activities.The animal must provide some type of relief or assistance related to these identified disabilities. HUD does not specify which disabilities qualify an individual for an exception. Rather, they state that the functions of an ESA include providing emotional support to persons with disabilities who have a disability-related need for such support.” An exception usually requires a verification letter from a mental health professional stating the individuals needs for an emotional support animal. Landlords may also require that people requesting accommodation also submit a verification form completed by a physician or therapist that confirms the disability. The Fair Housing Act Under the FHA, landlords cannot legally:Require tenants to pay additional fees for ESAsAsk for information on the extent of the persons disability or request detailed medical recordsRefuse to accommodate an emotional support animalRequire that the animal receive specific trainingRequire the owner to use a specific type of harness or identification collar for the animal However, tenants are financially responsible if their animal causes any type of damage to persons or property. While the Americans With Disabilities Act allows people to legally bring their service animals into public areas, emotional support animals are not covered by the law. Emotional support animals do not meet the definition of a service animal under the law, which requires that service animals be specifically trained to perform tasks to help the individual with the disability. Because of this, business and public spaces can deny the admission of emotional support animals. Controversy While there is some evidence pointing to the value of emotional support animals, not everyone agrees that they are always necessary. Some mental health experts have suggested that support animals may be overused. The number of emotional support animals appears to be growing every year. United Airlines, one of the largest airline carriers in the US, reported a 75% increase in the number of emotional support animals flying on the airline between the years 2016 and 2017. One study published in PLOS ONE found that the number of emotional support animals found in the state of California had increased 10-fold between 2002 and 2012. Airlines, other businesses, and federal regulators are now considering additional rules regarding the use of ESAs, including: Limiting the number of species that may be allowed to be used as support animalsRequiring owners to submit documentation in advance as to their use of an emotional support animalStating that the animal is housebroken and safe to be around other people The increased demand for ESAs sometimes places therapists in a bind as well. More and more, patients request letters of documentation supporting their need for an emotional support animal from their psychologist, therapist, or doctor. Why are so many people interested in having a support companion? Many experts attribute it to the fact that the law allows these individuals with disabilities to bring an emotional support animal on a plane at no additional cost. Normally, airlines require people to pay an extra fee to bring their pets on a flight, but with a letter stating that they need an emotional support animal, people can avoid this fee. The Air Carrier Access act suggests that a wide variety of animals may be permitted to board flights as emotional support animals, although airlines are able to use their discretion in cases where animals are too heavy, large, or disrupting as well as those prohibited in other countries. The problem is that the law is vague in defining exactly who needs an ESA. This has led to many people attempting to obtain letters supporting their need for an emotional support animal in order to travel with their pet without having to pay to bring the animal on board the flight. People also occasionally obtain letters from physicians and psychologists in order to justify keeping an animal in their rental home or apartment. Because the Fair Housing Act requires landlords to allow renters to keep emotional support animals in their residence, tenants may sometimes have their pet designated as an emotional support animal to keep their pets in their homes. Ethical Considerations The vagueness of the law creates a quandary for many psychologists and therapists. Do they write a letter for a patient who may not truly have the need, or do they deny the request and risk losing the patient? Some patients may become angry if a therapist or doctor denies their request for a documentation letter. This creates an ethical problem for therapists. Should they write a letter in order to ensure that a patient stays in treatment, even if they do not feel that a support animal is necessary? Many experts believe that additional guidelines are needed to help psychologists, therapists, and physicians determine who needs emotional support animals. In the absence of such guidelines, a number of online businesses have emerged that promise to deliver a diagnosis and provide an ESA documentation letter. Many of these sites promise to provide a diagnosis and letter of documentation in under 24 hours for less than $100. This type of abuse of the law has led to many airlines requiring that an ESA documentation letter be submitted in advance of the flight along with the name and contact information of the mental health professional who provided the diagnosis. For example, in June 2018, JetBlue announced that it would require passengers to submit additional proof that their emotional support animals were needed and properly trained. Representatives for the airline attributed the new rules to dramatic increase in industry incidents involving emotional support animals that havent been adequately trained to behave in a busy airport or the confined space of an aircraft.” These rules include only accepting dogs, cats, and miniature horses as support animals and only allowing one animal per customer. Passengers are also required to submit a medical form completed by their care provider, a veterinary health form, and an animal behavior form.   Requirements vary from one airline to another, so passengers should check carefully to see what forms and documentation they may need to provide before boarding with their emotional support animal. Eligibility Emotional support animals may be helpful to those with certain mental health conditions such as depression or anxiety. If you feel that a support animal may help relieve your symptoms, talk to your doctor or therapist about some of the possible benefits and risks. Having a pet requires an investment of time and effort, so it is important to be sure that you are prepared for the commitment and capable of caring for the animal. It may be helpful to talk about what you hope to gain from having an emotional support animal and discuss which type of animal might be right for your needs. If you want an ESA in order to avoid paying an extra flight fee or pet deposit, consider the effect your actions may have on people who have genuine needs for a support animal. An ESA can provide support and comfort that some individuals may need to cope with their disorder or disability. Obtaining an ESA documentation letter to avoid paying extra for your pet ultimately hurts the legitimacy of the many patients who have a real need for a support animal. If you feel you have a legitimate need for an emotional support animal, talk to the doctor or therapist who is currently treating you. Dont buy a letter from a scammy online site that promises a dubious certification document to anyone willing to pay their fee. A Word From Verywell While research has yet to demonstrate the long-term effects of emotional support animals for alleviating the symptoms of psychological conditions, you may find a support animal a helpful and rewarding addition to your existing treatment plan. Whether you are dealing with stress, anxiety, trauma, or some other type of mental health condition, a pet can provide companionship and support. Talk to your care provider about whether an emotional support animal might be helpful for your individual situation.

Students Being Allowed to Choose Their Own Courses

Life is a fascinating song, so who will be in charge of the lyrics? Of course you! So does the selection of the course. Students should be allowed to choose their courses to improve their course’s efficiency, gradually become professional in their field and struggle to be independent. First, it can make the course more meaningful and students do benefit from it. Students’ attendance to the classes is no more a disturbing thing, because they should take responsibility for the decisions they have made. On the one hand, they have great passion for the courses they have chosen. As a saying goes, interest is the motivation of for doing anything. When there is an extraordinary interest, there is a strong heart to go through plenty of tough matters. Provided with the proper courses, there is no doubt that the talent of the students will be explored thoroughly. On the other hand, teachers could communicate with the students better instead of watching the students sleeping or going blank. Successful classes not only require teachers’ wonderful speaking or preparations, but also students’ critical thinking which means that they should be the owners of knowledge and take an active part in the classes’ discussions. So it has to be admitted that th is will contribute to the effect of the classes.(Choose Their Own Classes) Second, choosing their own courses makes it possible for students to learn deeper and become more professional in their field. Now there is a hot word called generalShow MoreRelatedEssay about Assessment of Critical Thinking976 Words   |  4 Pageslearning can be a meaningful tool for teachers and students during a course to provide feedback to the student about the type and quality of work that is being completed in the course and for the instructor to find areas where the student is having difficulties and so additional materials can be provided or the course modified. 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The factors which influence students for choosing university are an availability of courses and affordability, 70% population of graduate students choose the university on the recommendation of a friend. Female students choose the universityRead MoreDifferences Between The And Saudi Arabia901 Words   |  4 Pagesalso, I and the other students are given a stipend every month to cater for their personal needs. In the US, though, every foreign student has to pay tuitions for their education and they are not offered monthly stipends as their Saudi Arabia counterparts. The only financial support offered to American students is in form of a loan which is payable once they are employed. In America, students are allowed to choose any elective classes that they want to study and they are allowed to major in their third

Sharecroppers Reconstruction Era of the United States and...

After the devastation left from the Civil War, many field owners looked for new ways to replace their former slaves with field hands for farming and production use. From this need for new field hands came sharecroppers, a response to the destitution and disorganized agricultural results of the Civil War (Wilson 29). Sharecropping is the working of a piece of land by a tenant in exchange for a portion of the crops that they bring in for their landowners. These farmhands provided their labor, while the landowners provided living accommodations for the worker and his family, along with tools, seeds, fertilizers, and a portion of the crops that they had harvested that season. A sharecropper had no entitlement to the land that he†¦show more content†¦Even having sufficient clothing at all was a struggle for the family. The clothing that they did have was coarse, crude, and not warm enough (Gentry 138). The typical attire for men was denim overalls, and women wore dresses ma de out of cheap cotton goods (Gentry 138). With children constantly growing and maturing, having suitable clothing for them was demanding. During these times, minimizing was the key for most families. Often this meant that items such as shoes, socks and underwear were accessories if any at all (Gentry 138). Due to this lack in appropriate clothing, many times the family was held back from ‘social doins because of their unkempt appearance (Corder and Miller 42). Along with the emotional embarrassment of their personal appearance, sharecroppers and their families suffered physical consequences. Often a lack of inadequate clothing left them more susceptible to illness, and in their circumstances, that was a risk they could not afford to take. Another important factor for the substandard conditions of sharecroppers was their significant lack of food. Having to survive off of low supplies of food is harmful to anyone, but to people who are lacking in so many other areas, it co uld be devastating. Sharecroppers everywhere were already being cheated of how much of the seasons harvest was actually theirs, in addition to the impractical rules of what they could and could not own while they livedShow MoreRelatedPoverty Of Sharecroppers And Unemployed Industrial Workers1772 Words   |  8 Pages Poverty of Sharecroppers vs Unemployed Industrial Workers Poverty has been a big issue over the past century or so and continues to be a problem to this day in the United States. Due to the Civil War, rural areas and industrial areas were affected by poverty. The poverty of rural sharecroppers in 1877 was different from the poverty of unemployed industrial workers in 1939. Even though both situations were dealing with a form of poverty, both were two completely different situations. 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I had a wonderful teacher who did much to show the nuances of American history, such as the effects of states’ rights and slavery on the Civil War. Still, my teacher, along with the A.P. exam, the state curriculum, and our textbooks, moved quickly past Reconstruction. I assumed that, aside from the FourteenthRead MoreExplain the causes for the failure of White Revolution? ( in Pahlavi dynasty)5849 Words   |  24 Pages(People Party) were rivals. Under U.S. pressure, the Shah allowed independent Second National Front candidates to enter the race. Despite the promise of the Shah that the elections would take place in greater freedom than in the past, it seemed that he hand picked all the candidates of both parties and as the elections proceeded, it became clear that it was his authority that was influencing the result. Thus, the Shah cancelled the electi ons and on 10 January, 1961,held new ones. Another important event

Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 1121 Words

Zoned out looking, T-shirt wearing Grateful Dead slacker, long hair and unwashed, their brain cleansed out with any thought is a stereotypical marijuana user. The thought of someone like this makes people cringe. Society looks at marijuana as a drug that people go to, so they are able to escape their problems and worries. The older population seems to oppose the legalization of marijuana while younger age groups along with ethnic groups tend to be more open to legalize the use of marijuana. Marijuana is one of many substances that have acquired a lot of awareness in recent years. However, marijuana is one of the most misunderstood drugs on the market. Legalizing marijuana is a very controversial issue in the American society. Although†¦show more content†¦However most of todays society thinks marijuana is a threat to the world, but Couloumbis states â€Å"It is time to legalize medical marijuana, because we should not deny doctor-recommended treatment that could help peopl e suffering from seizures of cancer patients affected by chemotherapy.† Doctors and nurses should be allowed to use their resources to cure or to help a patient in need. Unlike other drugs, marijuana is not addictive. On the other hand, some people say that marijuana is a â€Å"gateway drug†. However, just because marijuana smokers are more expected to use a higher compelling drug, does not imply that smoking marijuana causes you to try other drugs. For instance, people who smoke marijuana before are willing to try other drugs just to get a stronger â€Å"high†. People who have never smoked are not going to have that urge. It simply means that most people who don t smoke marijuana are highly unlikely to try other drugs. Legalization of marijuana can be used to help Veterans and NFL Players to overcome painful and challenging obstacles. As soldiers go and fight for our country they are scarred by the traumatic experiences that they face. Many military service members come back home and are tested for Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). People who suffer from PTSD often suffer from flashbacks, nightmares, difficulty sleeping, and emotionally feeling numb. These symptoms can significantly impair a person’sShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?849 Words   |  4 Pageswhether marijuana should be legalized. Around 23 states have legalized marijuana for medical and recreational use. In the state of Illinois, medicinal use of marijuana has been passed on April 17, 2013. Since January 2014, patients are able to obtain marijuana with a doctor s recommendation. The new debate is whether marijuana should be legalized for the general public as a recreational drug. Although some believe that marijuana is harmless, and that it has beneficial medicinal uses, marijuana shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1715 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana in Society Cannabis, formally known as marijuana is a drug obtained from the tops, stems and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis. The drug is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Only substances like caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are used more (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). In the U. S. where some use it to feel â€Å"high† or get an escape from reality. The drug is referred to in many ways; weed, grass, pot, and or reefer are some common names used to describe the drug (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). Like mostRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1489 Words   |  6 Pagescannabis plant or marijuana is intended for use of a psychoactive drug or medicine. It is used for recreational or medical uses. In some religions, marijuana is predominantly used for spiritual purposes. Cannabis is indigenous to central and south Asia. Cannabis has been scientifically proven that you can not die from smoking marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized to help people with medical benefits, econo mic benefits, and criminal benefits. In eight states, marijuana was legalized for recreationalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1245 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is a highly debatable topic that is rapidly gaining attention in society today.   Legalizing marijuana can benefit the economy of this nation through the creation of jobs, increased tax revenue, and a decrease in taxpayer money spent on law enforcement.   Ã‚  Many people would outlaw alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, gambling, and tanning beds because of the harmful effects they have on members of a society, but this is the United States of America; the land of the free and we should give peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana became a heated political subject in the last few years. Twenty-one states in America have legalized medical marijuana. Colorado and Washington are the only states where marijuana can be purchased recreationally. Marijuana is the high THC level part of the cannabis plant, which gives users the â€Å"high† feeling. There is ample evidence that supports the argument that marijuana is beneficial. The government should legalize marijuana recreationally for three main reasonsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesshows the positive benefits of marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. In recent years, numerous states have defied federal law and legalized marijuana for both recreational and medicinal use. Arizona has legalized marijuana for medical use, but it still remains illegal to use recreationally. This is absurd, as the evidence gathered over the last few decades strongly supports the notion that it is safer than alcohol, a widely available substance. Marijuana being listed as a Schedule I drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1350 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics in the past decade would have to be the legalization of marijuana. The sale and production of marijuana have been legalized for medicinal uses in over twenty states and has been legalized for recreational uses in seven states. Despite the ongoing support for marijuana, it has yet to be fully legalized in the federal level due to cultural bias against â€Å"pot† smoking and the focus over its negative effects. However, legalizing marijuana has been proven to decrease the rate of incrimination in AmericaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1145 Words   |  5 PagesLegalizing Marijuana Marijuana is a drug that has been actively used for centuries. This drug can be traced back to 2737 BC by the Chinese emperor Shen Nung. He spoke about the euphoric effects of Cannabis and even referred to it as the â€Å"Liberator of Sin.† Since early on, marijuana was seen as a medicinal plant that was recommended for medical uses. Marijuana is currently in schedule I, which means that physicians are not allowed to prescribe it in the United States (Hart, Ksir 2013). This drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?997 Words   |  4 PagesLegalize It: The Benefits of Legalizing Marijuana Should marijuana be legalized? Many Americans have been asked this question or have heard some type of news about the issue. Marijuana is commonly known as cannabis which refers to the dried up hemp plant cannabis sativa, even though marijuana is a plant and has no chemical additives it has been a tropic of controversy for many years but nowadays it is in the spotlight more than ever. For centuries, marijuana has been used by people throughout theRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesSHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGALIZED? Marijuana is a drug that has sparked much controversy over the past decade as to whether or not it should be legalized. People once thought of marijuana as a bad, mind-altering drug which changes a person’s personality which can lead to crime and violence through selling and buying it. In the past, the majority of citizens believed that marijuana is a harmful drug that should be kept off the market and out of the hands of the public. However, a recent study conducted

Herman Melville S Bartleby The Scrivener free essay sample

# 8221 ; Essay, Research Paper HERMAN MELVILLE S BARTLEBY THE SCRIVENERA STORY OF WALL STREET The rubric character is a Scrivener, who would make the work of a legal secretary and a typist. He is Bartleby. From the narrative of the narrative and many of Bartelby s other features he can be pictured as an old adult male. The full narrative speaks of the conversation between the attorney and the copyist. Though, the attorney contributes most of the conversation, the copyist repeats merely one phrase frequently i.e. I would prefer non to. CHARACTER OF BARTLEBY: The attorney describes Bartleby as a unusual copyist he of all time saw or heard. The initial description is of a motionless immature adult male pathetically orderly, pathetically respectful, incurably forlorn. With the entry of Bartleby, the attorney thought the Bartleby would be utile in equilibrating the more rambunctious liquors of his other two copyists. His spruceness and reputability makes his attractive for a clerical place, but the description stresses his pale unhappiness. Unlike the attorney, nevertheless Bartleby is never-say-die. The attorney seeks the midway. Bartleby neer compromises. A connexion exists between composing transcript and feeding for Bartleby. At first he seems to ingurgitate himself on the attorneies paperss. A short clip after he stop authorship, he dies of famishment. He functions either wholly or non at all. There is no in-between land. On reading a narrative, we are able to come to a decision about a character because of its relation to other characters in the narrative. Hue, Melville uses Bartleby as a tool to convey out the character of the attorney. The characters in the work of art are merely symbols or metaphors. They are non populating work forces or adult female Bartleby being is understood from the first and last line of the narrative. Bartleby becomes a metaphor for humanity. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PHRASE I WOULD PREFER NOT TO: The character of the attorney is derived from the action of Bartleby. Bartleby is non an acti on hero in this narrative but becomes the centre of attractive force due to the repeat of this phrase. The repeat of this phrase has a batch of influence for all the people in the attorneies office viz. Gingernut, Turkey and Nippers. This little, hushed phrase that Bartleby chooses for his negation is the step of his intransigency. Furthermore, Bartleby is a adult male of his word. He doesn t make what he says he won t do. His negative statement leads to passively, which, more than anything else, drives the attorney about to distraction. Bartleby Suffers, excessively, ofcourse. The attitude so destructive to society becomes suicidal. Bartleby finally prefers non to eat. He rejects in bend society, himself, nutrient, and life. THE LAWYER AN UNRELIABLE Narrator: Unlike the Miller, the attorney narrates the narrative from within. He is, to set it, mildly involved. Like the Miller, nevertheless he colours the narrative Tells. Here the narrative reveals the character of the storyteller. Although, the narrative is centered around Bartleby, we get to cognize the features of the attorney. The attorney is an undependable storyteller because we begin to cognize more about the storyteller that he might desire us to cognize. Although the attorney is the lone beginning of information, we get the feeling that we know more than the storyteller is stating us. For illustration, the behavior of the attorney towards Bartleby makes us gain that Bartleby is some sense is the attorney s alterego. BARTLEBY THE SCRIVENER AS A FIRST PERSON NARRATIVE: The attorney is narrating the narrative. It is in the first individual narrative. The I of the narrative is the storyteller of the narrative. The distancing is non entire because there is engagement from the storyteller. It has the advantage of working because whenever the storyteller wants to be near to the character he can. If he wants to keep a distance he can. It is non necessary that the first individual narrative should ever be auto biographical. If the writer and the I of the narrative are the same so it is autobiographical. In Bartleby the copyist the I and the writer are different but it is still in the first individual narr ative. The first individual point of position is referred to as an all-knowing point of position. Aesthetic distancing has to be practiced when written in the all-knowing point of position. This is non true in this narrative, as distancing is merely partial. The writer has made usage of symbolism. Symbolism is a device of look. Here in this narrative, he uses Bartleby as symbol. The rubric of narrative Bartleby the copyist a narrative of Wall Street indicates wall as a symbol for the narrative. The attorney is another of import symbol. Turkey and Nippers can be considered as symbols because the forenoon, afternoon beat of these two characters parallels the form of the attorney character and his response to Bartleby. Conflict: There is no secret plan without a struggle. It is of import which leads to resolution in the secret plan. Here the struggle is between the will of the attorney and the will of Bartleby. The declaration carries merely when he dies. There is no narrative without struggle . It is ever the clang of personalities and non the clang of individuals. CONTRIBUTION OF TURKEY, NIPPERS AND GINGER NUT TO THE STRUCTURE OF THE STORY: Turkey works fruitfully in the forenoon, but becomes foolhardy and noisy in the afternoon. He is about the same age as the attorney. Somewhere non far from 60, and he uses this similarity to convert the attorney that he should go on working in the afternoons in malice of the smudges. Childs on the other manus, had his problem of aspiration, dyspepsia, and desk neutering in the forenoon, in the afternoon he is a gentleman with a fleet manus. Childs is a really immature adult male compared to Turkey. Together, old Turkey and immature Childs seem to do up the whole copyist. Together the attorney and Bartleby seem to do up one whole individual. LAWYER S ENCOUNTER WITH BARTLEBY: The attorney identifies Bartleby s action as inactive opposition a peculiarly annoyance but effectual maneuver to utilize against a individual of broad ; humane l arning s that the attorney thinks himself to be. In order to avoid Bartleby s refusal, the attorney asks him to make less and less. The functions have been reserved. It is ever Bartleby who rebels against the attorney and non the otherway unit of ammunition. The attorney feels that he can neer make anything against Bartleby s want. An overmastering stinging melancholy all of a sudden binds him to Bartleby in a fugitive minute of sympathetic apprehension. When Bartleby refuses to make work of any sort, the attorney announces Bartleby must travel. After holding said this, the attorney was sing extremums and lower vales. After reading books on predestination, the attorney finds that the earliest and most comfy solution is simple to allow Bartleby Stay. ALTER-EGO: Bartleby and the attorney are the two parts of the same personality.When Bartleby refuses to go forth the attorneies office, he preferred to switch to a new office instead than dump Bartleby. This alter self-importance can be justified from the following with which the attorney says I love myself from him whom I had so longed to be rid of Bartleby may be so much as a separate character but as one facet of the attorney s character, as a projection of dark, rebellions, non conforming side of the attorney s being. The attorney s compassion for Bartleby is compassion for ego, and his backdown of understanding is a refusal to acknowledge resemblance. By generalising Bartleby s predicament to humanity, the attorneies may acknowledge that he excessively shared in that paid and is indistinguishable to Bartleby. We are left in a province of ambiguity, peculiarly, if we try to find the scoundrel or the hero. Bartleby is so negative that it is difficult to see him as the conveyer of value in the narrative. He is the narrative s topic. The rule histrion is the attorney. The verification that the writer gives us about Bartleby is that he was working in the dead missive office. This arises one inquiry Dead letters! Do es it non sound like dead work forces? Probably, it is this work of his which makes his amuerto life barely appealing. Having left the Dead missive office, Bartleby s entryway into the attorney s office had made his character reborn.

London Riots free essay sample

In the summer of 2011, the city of London, England was disheveled. With what started as a simple police brutality protest soon turned the city upside down with riots clustering in almost every borough. Parliament abruptly returned from their summer holidays to quickly address the chaos dismantling their city’s wellbeing. Just under 2,000 riot related arrests were made by the Metropolitan police and just under 4,000 throughout the entire country by the end of September. 3% of those arrests were charged with burglary and public order offences. Although the riots resulted in advanced criminal tracking and identification, the rioters used social media resources to commit organized burglary, arson, and other various crimes to cause enormous damage to the city. The Tottenham borough of London, England holds the highest unemployment rate of the city and rivals for the top spot in the entire country. Riots central to Tottenham are not a rare occurrence. High rates of minority controlled gang activity and gun violence have been reported through the past decades. We will write a custom essay sample on London Riots or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On August 4th, 2011, the 29 year old male, Mark Duggan, was shot and killed by police officers. The lack of CCTV coverage of the area where Duggan was shot proved to be a point of confusion by witnesses in court. A definitive account of the exact series of events that occurred that night was never confirmed. Multiple eyewitnesses reported different actions of the police and Duggan, but all of the accounts pointed to Duggan’s possession of  a handgun and his unaggressive actions towards authority with it. Tottenham is a largely ethnically diverse city, with 45% being of an ethnic minority. Mark Duggan was African American and Tottenham had been battling racial aggression between the police and the public since the summer of 1985 when the Broadwater Farm riots occurred. The 1985 riots were largely police brutality and race based, much like the riots of 2011. After the actions of the Tottenham police and Duggan were publicized, the public in the immediate surrounding area recognized it as race based police brutality. Friends, family, and local residents gathered near Mark Duggan’s residence for a vigil in his honor, when police arrived, the peaceful gathering turned into a riot. Two police cars were set on fire by members of the public that night. Duggan’s case went viral and spread through social media platforms to neighboring boroughs and then throughout the entire city. After the attacks spread into the central part of London, the riots went from being largely in response to Duggan’s shooting to mindless looting sprees and acts of arson. The majority of the attacks moved from being focused on the police to focused on burglary and destruction. Unless they intervened in the looting, it was reported that the police were not specifically targeted by the looters at first. The average demographic of the looters was a young male from an underclass family. The race of the looters varied immensely, and specific ethnically own shops were not targeted specifically either, which was the police’s initial anticipation. The damage of the riots was immense. Over 100 cars were set on fire and 4 double decker buses were destroyed by arsonists. The London Fire Brigade in return had 8 fire truck windows shattered by rioters. A minimum 100 million pounds worth of damage was caused to the city of London. Department stores were closed for days and an estimated 30,000 business hours were estimated to be wasted by safety protocols and procedures. Most damages to public property were covered by the Riot Damages Act of 1886 and came directly from government funds and not in additional taxes to the public. Hooded teenagers were roaming the streets in packs using debris and brute force to break into storefronts. Broken bottles were thrown at the non-aggressive civilians that dared to leave their residences at night during the week of the riots. Independent shop owners stood outside their stores at night with nothing but baseball bats or other makeshift weapons in attempt to ward off rioters. A video of an elderly woman crutching a cane and chastising rioters on the streets of the city went viral across the internet and was named the Heroine of Hackney. The Heroine’s speech later warranted her invitation to Parliament by the MP of Hackney so other politicians could express their gratitude in person. The largest source of communicative controversy that initiated the increased riots was over Blackberry’s instant messaging system, BBM. Spammed messages were sent out by infuriated rioters to their contacts, providing addresses of meet up locations and inferred violent actions. These BBMs are free sources of text messaging accessible to any Blackberry owner, making it an optimal source of communication for London’s youth. BBMs are protected from the immediate public by PINs only available to those that which the BBM senders choose. The Economist named the disturbances â€Å"The BlackBerry Riots† in one of their articles. Twitter is a micro blogging, international website devoted to short text based messages. Information involved in the criminal’s riot plans and involvement were disclosed on â€Å"private† accounts, inaccessible to the immediate public unless allowed by the user. Pictures of storefronts in flames and various stolen goods were posted and, as a result, sent aggression throughout the community: some members supporting the damage and others condoning it. Either way, the social media network catalyzed the advertisement of the riots. Conversely, social media also helped in the arrest of suspected individuals and the rebuilding of moral throughout the community. The London Metropolitan Police hosted a temporary Flickr account, a photo sharing website, posting screen shots from closed circuit television, CCTV, security cameras of criminal’s faces to entice the public to help them identify and capture the delinquents involved. Facebook pages went viral across the country with stories of local shop owners protecting their shops, and large masses of the community volunteering their time in the clean up of their cities. Street journalism was shown all over the United Kingdom and across continents. Sympathetic readers showed support for the damaged towns and needy small business owners. The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act  of 1886 gave authority for police to inspect suspected criminal’s BBM accounts and private twitter pages in order to start investigating and prosecuting the damages done to the city. Hundreds of pictures of the damage and stolen goods were posted, and then later used as evidence by the police. The pictures influenced copycat violence and burglary amongst the looters. The Facebook page, Supporting the Met Police against the London rioters, received over 800,000 hits. Thousands signed on to share heroic stories of their fellow Londoners supporting the safety and reconstruction of their city. Several members of parliament expressed their disappointment with the rioters and were quick to claim that the city of London should not be judged by the actions of that summer. The MP of Tottenham told â€Å"The Telegraph† their city had its â€Å"heart ripped out†. Massive increases in patrolling police forces were commanded to roam the streets in attempt to subdue the violence. The night of August 10th, 2011 marked the halt in the riots as the city slept peacefully with limited accounts of disturbances. Antiriot tactics such as smoke bombs and water cannons were demanded by the public, but the police hesitated on their drastic effects. The police opted to rather let the criminals take their share of merchandise rather than cause severe physical attacks against anyone. David Cameron, the United Kingdom’s prime minister, suggested temporarily blocking access to social media and BlackBerry services for the week to slow down communication between the city’s rioting youth population. 000 criminals were arrested in relation to the riots as of August 25th. London’s senior justice clerks ordered courts to handle riot related cases harshly. David Cameron defended the severe punishments to the rioters and Crown Prosecutors argued for the opposition of bail in most riot cases. The Lord Chief Justice proclaimed the crimes in London that week were o f the â€Å"greatest possible seriousness. † David Cameron looked to the advice and support of US cities prone to gang violence such as LA and the chief of police, Bill Bratton. Cameron settled on granting more crowd controlling allowances to police forces such as removing face masks and more liberty with crowd dispersal methods like water cannons. The city was to host the 2012 summer Olympic Games and was in desperate need to build up the police and public moral necessary to hold the immense crowds expected for the following Summer. Kingston University’s professor and identification software developer, James Orwell, notes that â€Å"we’ll [never] be able to predict the behavior of crowds, because they’re notoriously unpredictable,†, which provides insight for the future of London’s crowd controlling techniques. Rather than preparing and guarding against the inevitable, effective tactics in crowd dispersement and criminal tracking would prove to be the best methods learned from the riots of 2011. Traditional facial recognition software the police had available during the summer were very ineffective. The software could not program the faces in the poor lighting of the night and through the masking the looters had on.

My Last Race for Marshall essays

My Last Race for Marshall essays ?My league, Prelims Cross Country race was the most intense race I had ran my sophomore season. There were five of us representing the Frosh/Soph. I was extremely nervous because I had been improving, running faster and more at ease. I hoped this would be a good day to hit another personal record. The sun was glaring upon my teammates and I, as we stood, waiting for our fates, at the starting line. It was such a scorching day, but I will never forget what I learned that day. On your marks. We all stepped forward. Set. Everyone was dead silent. "BANG!!! The gun released that burst of excruciating noise I had disliked since day one of racing. And off we went! My friend, Edwin, and I were the first ones from our school to run out the starting line, as we rushed up ahead, increasing our strides. The scene was quite hectic, as we had to defend ourselves from the stampede ahead and behind us. Eventually, we built speed and started to race closer to the front of the pack. Up, up, and up as we rushed up that hill, as well as dashing left and right around corners. On the 3rd mile, a voice shouted out from a hill above shouted out, Gentlemen! Take off! You two are in the lead! Its all up to you two. Finish strong! GO! GO! Our Coach Viana had the power in his voice to always push anyone one of us beyond our weakest points. I changed gears, and started picking up my pace. Push through the pain! I told Edwin. I would not finish the race without him. We were growing very tired, but we knew we had a responsibility to fulfill: to prove the reason why we wore that M, known as Marshall, upon our jerseys. Go on! I cant do this, shouted Edwin, as he started to fall behind. I was not going to let him give up on me when we were less than 200 meters away from the end. No! Dont say that, you can do it! I shouted out, and grabbed his arm and dragged him...

Economic inflation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economic inflation - Essay Example Inflation is the consistent and sustained general price increase of commodities over a period of time leading to fewer goods being purchased with every unit of the current currency. Inflation indicates a loss in the purchasing power based on each unit of money within an economy. This is measured through the consumer price index over specified duration of time (Hart, 2009). There are two major causes of inflation in any economy which are the demand-pull inflation and the cost-push inflation both of which will be discussed below in detail and their effects explained as well. Causes The demand-pull inflation occurs when the demand of the goods or services exceed the ability to produce them or exceed the supply. Suppliers start increasing the prices of the reduced goods and services when they start realizing its diminishing supply. If this continues, the central bank starts increasing the supply of money as a reaction to the aggregate demand. With the increase in money supply in circulat ion, businesses cannot increase the production and hence supply remains constant for a short while but this leads in the long run to an increase in equilibrium and prices rise resulting therefore to inflation (Tucker, 2012). According to the illustration, Demand moves from D0 to D1, the supply remains constant for a while but then the equilibrium shifts from A to B leading to price increase and hence inflation. Source: http://econrsrch/wklyltr/2000/el2000-21.html. The cost-push inflation is the other cause of inflation where there is an increase in cost of production which ultimately leads to an increase in the prices of raw materials and wages. This increased cost by the firms is passed on to consumers. The cost-push inflation is caused by a monopoly company, inflation in the wages, natural disasters, when the natural resources deplete, when the foreign exchange rates fall leading to a reduction in the imports or by the government when it increases its taxation (Tucker, 2012). All the above mentioned situations lead to a reduction in supplies. In the illustration, when the production cost increases caused by any of the above mentioned factors, the supply reduces from S0 to S1. The high demand and the reduced supply leads to a shift in the equilibrium and ultimately an increase in the price level from Z to Y causing inflation to take place. Source: http://econrsrch/wklyltr/2000/el2000-21.html. Effects There are positive and negative effects of inflation. The positive effects of inflation include the fact that with inflation, the central banks adjust the interest rates as a way to mitigate the economic recession. This then leads to a ripple effect as banks also adjust their interest rates causing more people to take up loans and mortgages in a bid to deal with the consistently increasing prices and diminished supply. The banks therefore benefit from all this even though mainly it is for a short while depending on how long the inflation last (if it lasts for lon g, the loose as people will be unable to repay the loans and mortgages). The other positive effect is that with the inflation looming, investment is directed to non-monetary projects which otherwise suffer when there is no inflation as people do not get time to invest their time and energy on them but with inflation they become able to (Dwivedi, 2010). The negative effects however surpass the positive ones. These negative effects range from loss of employment leading to massive unemployment as companies which cannot afford to pay wages dismisses their workforce leaving only a few who are overworked with no pay increase while others close their doors as they declare bankruptcy. There is also the fact that people start reducing their spending and usage rates as commodities become rare or the money to buy them dwindles causing a change in the number of meals per day, others go hungry and homeless as they fail to repay to mortgages or their other debts

Bible As Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bible As Literature - Essay Example It is also very rich in literary forms that can develop a student's appreciation and analysis of literature. The study of the bible can also help students practice their respect for each other's beliefs by analyzing the books within an impartial academic context that sets aside emotionality. Studying the bible can be very beneficial to students not only for learning about literature but also about life in general. Any legal or educational system builds its foundations from a set of moral values. In fact, Harvard, Yale and Princeton were schools established to teach young men to be pastors and America's children were once generally schooled with the Christian moral values that upheld respect for authority figures like parents and disapproval of sin. ("Cause and Effect," n.d.) Studying the bible as literature can help students identify, appreciate, and implement moral values that can be very beneficial not only to them but to the country itself. regarding the authenticity of the story of creation but the narration about the life of its characters provide clues as to how man had lived in the past. If the genealogy of its characters is to be examined, the bible's information dates back to 4223 years before Jesus Christ was born. (Petrie, n.d.) Its pages write about the culture and beliefs of people who lived through many different eras that can help students appreciate history. There is a great chance that more people have heard about the bible but not read it yet if one turns to the printed text as a shaper of reading, one can truly go further. (Norton, 2000, p. 78) People frequently read the bible in religious perspective yet many artistic forms of writing abound in it. The bible is rich in similes, metaphors, metonymy, synecdoche, personification, anthropomorphism, apostrophes, ironies, hyperboles, euphemisms, litotes, pleonasm, ellipses, zeugma, aposiopesis, allegories, riddles, symbols, narratives, tragedies, poetry, parallelisms, oratories, epistles, etc. Throughout the books of the bible, students can read many samples of literary forms that can help hone their skills in analysis of literature. ("Literary Forms in the bible," n.d.) Studying the bible as literature can help students appreciate their religious differences without emotional involvement. Many different religions have interpreted the bible in their own perspectives and these analyses have even lead to the birth of many other religious sects. Should the bible be studied for its moral values and literary form, students can learn to respect diversity because the books are treated academically instead of spiritually which can be very personal. Teaching Through the bible One of the problems encountered by some students today reveals some professors who cannot help themselves from using the course on bible literature to impose their own religious beliefs. The bible must remain as a learning tool by ensuring that professors are impartial to it. The National Council on Bible Curriculum's web site

Spirituality And Mental Illness Psychology Essay

Spirituality And Mental Illness Psychology Essay Spirituality is a part of human experience. It often stands as one integral aspect of ones cultural or religious orientation. Likewise, spirituality may also represent ones individual choice, belief, and behavior. Both in terms of traditional and conventional healthcare, there are three aspects of human well-being that should be taken care of: physical, mental, and spiritual health. Physical is for the body, mental is for the mind, and psychic health is for the spirit (Jeitschko et al., 2005). However, in the present idea of healthcare, the thrust of healthcare efforts is given to physical health. However, the other two components also play integral roles in the achievement of humans overall (external and internal) well-being. Oftentimes, these two are overlooked. Although courses of religion and spirituality are common in most medical schools and pastoral care is provided in some hospitals, health policies and insurance in mental healthcare is severely restricted in ways that physical healthcare is not and moreover, to emphasize, very little healthcare is provided for the spiritual healthcare (Jeitschko et al., 2005). Yet, Jeitschko et al (2005) claimed that spiritual claim has repeatedly observed to be an important factor and correlated for the health of both body and minds health. In this paper, we look into the importance of spiritual health as a prerequisite towards mental health improvement and maintenance- to prevent and to treat mental illnesses. First, we describe a brief overview of the situation concerning mental disorders and illnesses as a global phenomenon. Third, we define and contextualize spirituality as a prerequisite to overall spiritual health. Lastly, we discuss how spirituality has been used to 1) prevent a vast array of mental illnesses and 2) treat various cases of mental disability and other psychiatric ability. Mental Illness: A Situation Overview While each is a separate aspect, spirituality and mental well-being are viewed as closely-related, if not dependent to each other. This may be because both are internal mechanisms that may not be measured by medical apparatuses, may not diagnosed via single medical procedure, and cannot be treated by measurable doses of medicine. Rather, these are brought about by internal mechanisms that exist along a continuum of attitudes and behavior. Mental health and mental illness exist along a continuum of attitude and behavior. This covers a wide array of mental diagnostic categories, from mild conditions like depression to more serious cases such as schizophrenic disorders (OBrien, 2003). The main components of looking into mental disorder are: internal psychological dysfunctions, unexpected response to a social phenomenon, and differentiation from deviant behavior. Nonetheless, the universal component of mental illness is the dysfunction of some internal psychological mechanism. Examples of these dysfunctions occur in systems of cognition, thinking, perception, motivation, emotion, language, and memory (Horwitz, 2002). Millions of people all over the world suffer from mental illnesses and adverse mental health. As of 2002, 154 million suffer from depression, 50 million from epilepsy, 25 million from schizophrenia, and 24 million people suffer from Alzheimer and other dementias. It was also observed that 25% visiting healthcare services suffer from mental, neurological and behavioral disorders but most of these cases are not diagnosed and treated. Moreover, people with these disorders are oftentimes subjected to social isolation, decreased quality of life, and increased mortality (WHO, 2010). Barriers of effective mental treatment can be traced into two factors: 1) lack of recognition of the seriousness of mental illnesses among patients, and 2) lack of understanding about the benefits of having cost-effective mental illness treatment. This alleviated by the fact that in most middle and low income countries devote less than 1% of their budget to mental health (WHO, 2010). Defining Spirituality Before going farther in this paper, it is necessary to first define spirituality and to bring forth its importance. Spirituality is defined first by differentiating the concept with that of religion. Religion is strictly linked to formal religious institutions. On the other hand, spirituality does not depend on formal institutions but comes from initiatives of an individual. The similarities of spirituality and religion both focus on belief, sacred, divine entities, and the resulting behaviors and practices and spiritual consciousness. However, this arbitrary definition does not provide comprehensive delineation of the two concepts (George, 2000). National Institute of Healthcare Research (NIHR) defined spirituality as the feelings, thoughts, experiences, and behaviors that arise from search for the sacred. In this definition, search encompasses identifying, transforming, and maintaining. Terms such as knowing, understanding, and embodying can be used as synonyms to search based on this context. Sacred refers to divine being, higher power, and ultimate truth as perceived by the individual collective reinforcement and identity. Hence, from this definition of spirituality, the distinctive characteristic of religion is collective reinforcement and identity (George, 2010). Another comprehensive definition of spirituality came from Murray and Zenter (1989): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦spirituality dimension, a quality that goes beyond religious affiliation that strives for inspiration, reverence, awe, meaning and purpose, even in those who do not believe in God comes essentially into focus in times of emotional stress, physical and mental illness, loss, bereavement and death. From these definitions, spirituality can be summarized in three elements: comes from within an individual and not collective affiliations; goal-oriented: search, inspiration, well-being, and embodiment of belief; come in times of emotional stress and mental distress. Spiritual Healthcare The idea that spirituality is an initiative of an individual comes with the expectation that there is a wide array of spiritual healthcare procedures depending on how individuals perceive its importance and the procedures encompassing it. Hence, to take care of spiritual health, the individual should be able to have the following skills: being able to create peaceful state of mind, ability to stay alert, attentive, and mentally focused in present circumstances, develop above average empathy and to grieve appropriately and then let go afterwards. Moreover, spiritual values include kindness, compassion, generosity, tolerance, creativity, wisdom, honesty, humility, and patience (Culliford, 2002). Some of the elements of spiritual care include: environment of purposeful activity; feelings of safety and security, dignity, belonging and acceptance; having opportunities and encouragement to express feelings and thoughts; and to receive permission, encouragement to develop relationship with God or Absolute and to receive place and privacy for prayers worship, and spiritual education; and to derive meaning from illness experiences (Culliford, 2006). Spirituality for Prevention and Cure of Mental Illness Throughout history, mental illness was closely related to religious faith, demonic possessions and magical enchantments. In a very long time in history, mental illness was misunderstood and misinterpreted and people suspected to have mental disorders were subjected to cruel procedures. In prehistory mental illness perceived to come from supernatural and magical spirits that disrupt minds. Shamans tried to cure mental illness through performing rituals, casting spells, and using mind-altering drugs. Trepanning, or drilling a hole on patients skull to release or exorcise bad spirits. However, fossils show that new bones grew to cover the holes and high survival rates were observed (Thomson, 2007). Ancient Egyptians were the first to implement a form of mental healthcare and the first to cure a patient identified to have mental illness. Temples and temple complexes served as mental hospitals. Mental treatment procedures include: psychiatric texts, rites, rituals and prayers. Egyptians were also able to decipher that mental illness that time was caused by loss of money and status; hence, they suggested that talk therapy will be an effective treatment procedure (Thomson, 2007). However, due to advances in technology, rapid evolution of the society and paradigm shifts in terms of mental illnesses, spirituality becomes a forgotten dimension of mental healthcare (Culliford, 2002). Spirituality, as prevention and treatment for mental illness, was included in the identified misunderstanding of ancient people towards mental disorders. Spirituality was forgotten as an important tool for physical and mental health and spiritual health was also overlooked as a part of overall human well-being. This neglect is attributed to secularization and science-based discipline of psychiatry (Culliford, 2007). Now, importance of spirituality is gradually being rediscovered because of two reasons. First, mental illness patients report spirituality; spiritual beliefs and practices are their major sources of personal strength. Second, there is increased attention in academic and scientific research and psychiatric treatment and practices (George, 2000). In the field of psychiatry, a trending practice is to achieve first, spiritual history of the patients before addressing their mental needs. Spiritual history includes details of the patients religious antecedents, practices, beliefs or the lack or absence of these. Reasons for taking spiritual history include (Culiford, 2007): The field recognizes that nature of spirituality as a source of validity, motivation, and sense of belonging and acceptance which are beneficial for the patients. There is a also a long historical relationship between spiritual healthcare and medicine. Spirituality is oftentimes part of patients needs and wishes. The influence of spirituality and religion to the attitudes and decisions of the staff. Moreover, spirituality is now recognized as an integrating force for various dimensions of human life including physical, biological, psychological, and psychosocial. Although it is acknowledged that spirituality may also have negative effects on mental well-being, there is a growing confidence for mental, and even physical health of spiritual belief and practices. In a wide review of researches on spirituality and mental health, 20% showed negative effects while 80% observed positive results (Culliford, 2007). Some of the negative accounts on spirituality as a beneficial tool for curing mental illness include the studies cited by Fallot (2003). In terms of diagnosis and psychiatric rehabilitation programs, DSM-IV diagnosis involves assessment of spiritual experiences. In a symptom-oriented nosological system, the focus is directed to spiritual or religious behavior of the patient. In DSM-IV, two scenarios may occur: First, spiritual concerns may be problematic and may also be attributable to the actual mental disorder. In cases of severe mental disorder, psychiatric disorder is considered primary while spiritual expression is secondary. There are cases when spiritual experiences disappear, the primary or psychiatric disorder is treated adequately. Second, spiritual issue is problematic but may not be attributed to the mental disease. Patients with severe mental illness are still capable of spiritual activities such as struggles for searching meaning in life, conflicting and confusing relationships with the sacred, and challenges to long-hel beliefs. These further leads to prolonged psychiatric difficulties, problems in understanding religious experiences, loss of hope and demoralization However, Fallot (2003) argued that there is positive spiritual coping that will be beneficial for mental illness patients. Still on a lager scale, patients tend to turn unto religion not just as a significant resource but also as a coping mechanism that is helpful. Spirituality and religion can serve as possible mechanisms with positive impacts of mental health and rarely are the cases in which both pose negative impacts on mental health (Fallot, 2003). Specifically, spiritual well-being is associated to reduce likelihood of anxiety disorders, depression, and substance abuse that lead to addiction and other mental disorders. Likewise, there is also positive association between spirituality undertaking and recovery from mental disorders such as depression and substance abuse (George, 2002). Mental Healthcare Practices Involving Spirituality This section discusses some mental healthcare treatment practices that are used to emphasize the role of spirituality to mental health (Fallot, 2003). Spiritual Assessment. This refers to understanding of content and the functions of a patients spiritual beliefs and practice. This approach is useful on a diverse religious experiences and cultures. The definition of spirituality can both be broad and inclusive. This approach goes beyond symptom-oriented orientation but rather explore potential significance of spirituality to the patient and his recovery. Spiritually informed groups. The group provides therapeutic context of examination of consumers religious beliefs and traditions. The role of this group is to provide a positive connection between spirituality and the present conditions of the patients. In spite of religious diversity, patients may find it helpful to share and listen to others search for meaning and purpose of life. It will not exacerbate symptoms of mental health but will rather support and clarify ones purpose in life which shall give sense of worth, value, and trust to themselves. Individual psychotherapy. Psychotherapeutic approaches coming from a wide variety of religious beliefs such as Christianity, Judaism, Islam and others attuned the present approaches for individual psychotherapy. Aside from overview of religious interventions, this approach can also be used to specify roles of meditation and mindfulness, prayer, and other spiritually and cognitive-behavioral techniques. This approach is also integrated in counseling relationship. Relationships with faith communities. One important factor for treating mental illness is to restore social supports and relationships. Religious or faith communities can offer empowerment, sense of acceptance and belonging to the patients. However, it should be taken into consideration that the patient shall not feel any sense of rejection from the community. How Does Spirituality Prevent and Treat Mental Illness Empirical analysis regarding the effects spirituality to mental health is continuously studied. Researchers and mental health practitioners continue to seek means by which spirituality will prevent and facilitate treatment, if not completely treat mental illnesses. Nonetheless, for the present studies, the following two mechanisms were attributed as the factors by which spirituality is helpful to mental health: First is the ability to establish social support. Spiritual participation may be one major avenue for developing social bonds and other social support. People with high religious participation have larger social networks, higher interaction with social network, receive more assistance from others, and have higher levels of satisfaction of the social support they receive. This is important as rejection is one of the major causes of disturbed mental health and acceptance is one of the best recovery apparatus. Second is the coherence spirituality offers. Through coherence within the group, patients tend to understand their role in life, their purpose, and to develop courage to face sufferings. Moreover, coherence with others is also an effective buffer to stress on mental health. As a conclusion, it can be acknowledged that in spite of the gaps between the benefits of spirituality and mental health, it can still be safely implemented as a tool to prevent and facilitate cure of mental illnesses through the approaches and because of the mechanisms mentioned in the later part of the paper.

The Tragic Hero: Creon or Antigone? Essay -- Character Analysis, Greek

In the Greek tragedy Antigone, the characters Antigone and Creon can both be thought of as the tragic hero of the play. Though Antigone does show some of these characteristics of a tragic hero, Creon demonstrates the attributes more clearly and concisely. Creon is the King of Thebes, as well as the uncle of Antigone. Creon took the throne after a tragic quarrel between his two nephews, Eteocles and Polyneices. Despite his harsh governing and his crude ideals, he is not good or bad. Creon is the tragic hero of the play Antigone, because of his superiority in his society, his nobility, and his tragic flaw, self-pride. Creon was known as the antagonist King in Antigone. A sample of Creon’s antagonist actions is quoted: â€Å"†¦Polyneices, I say, is to have no burial: no man is to touch him or say the least prayer for him; he shall lie on the plain, unburied; and the birds and the scavenging dogs can do with him whatever they like.† (Sophocles 1. 43-46) Though he is known for negative things, he is still perceived and still superior to every Theban. Antigone was known in the society as the princess; but, she did not show herself as a grand and known person. Creon is proud of his position in society and is prideful of his city and his decisions. Creon said proudly, â€Å"You forget yourself! You are speaking to your King!† (Sophocles 5. 66) Creon exhibits the trait of superiority almost to the point from this quote. Antigone, however, is only recognized for being the princess of the former king and committing an act of civil disobedience against King Creon. Creon and Antigone are also comparable in the area of nobility. Creon was the brother of Oedipus, the former king of Thebes. Quoted by Choragus, â€Å"But now at last is our new King is comi... ...t Creon was; however, he does understand how imprudent he was as a result of his own actions. After reading this argument, it is hoped that readers recognize that Creon is the tragic hero of Antigone. Creon and Antigone are both main characters of the play, but Creon’s character explains a tragic hero more so than Antigone’s. Creon’s superiority to his society, his nobility, and his tragic flaw self-pride assists in proving this topic. Because of Creon’s in-depth characteristics and unusual position in the story, it makes Antigone’s character seem like a minor character once analyzed. Almost every reader claims that since Antigone is the protagonist, the main character, and a princess, she is certainly the tragic hero. All in all, Creon is the tragic hero of the Greek Tragedy, Antigone by only three characteristics: superiority, nobility, and self-pride.

Pressure Management on a Supercritical Airfoil

Pressure Management on a supercritical aerofoil in transonic flow Abstract-At transonic speeds an aerofoil will have flow accelerate onwards from the leading edge to sonic speeds and produce a shockwave over the surface of its body. One factor that determines the shockwave location is the flow speed. However, the shape of an aerofoil also has an influence. The experiment conducted compared Mach flow over a supercritical aerofoil (flattened upper surface) and a naca0012 aerofoil (symmetrical).Despite discrepancies, the experiment confirmed the aerodynamic performance of a supercritical aerofoil being superior to a conventional aerofoil. A comparison of the graphical distributions demonstrates the more even pressure distribution on a supercritical aerofoil and a longer delay in shockwave formation. All of which, reflects the theory. Table of Contents Introduction3 Apparatus3 Induction Wind Tunnel with Transonic Test Section3 Mercury Manometer4 Procedure4 Theory and Equations5 Results6 Discussion10 Theory of Transonic Flight10 Relating the Theory to the Experiment11Effectiveness of Supercritical aerofoils†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 Limitations and Improvements12 Appendix13 References14 Introduction For any object travelling through a fluid such as air, a pressure distribution over all of its surface exists which helps generate the necessary lift. Lift is an aerodynamic force which is perpendicular to the direction of the aerofoil. Transonic speeds result in the formation of shockwaves over the top surface of the aerofoil. This is due to accelerated flow over the surface region. We say this region is approximately between 0. 8-0. . Since the flow must accelerate and then will lose velocity following the shockwave the aerofoil will have a subsonic and sonic region. For the majority of commercial airlines this is not a desired region to cruise at given the instantaneous pressure distribution which passengers would otherwise experience. Particularly, the formation of shock induced boundary layer separation. Supercritical aerofoils are more efficient designed for higher Mach speeds and drag reduction. They are distinct from conventional aerofoils by their flattened upper surface and asymmetrical design.The main advantage of this type of aerofoil is the development of shockwaves further away then traditional aerofoils and thus greatly reducing the shock induced boundary layer separation. In order to truly understand the effectiveness of a supercritical aerofoil an experiment gathering supercritical aerofoil performance and raw data of a naca0012 aerofoil will be extensively analysed and compared. Following the calculation and procedureit will be assessed whether a supercritical aerofoil is more effective. ApparatusA wind tunnel with a transonic test section was used in this experiment to study transonic flow around an aerofoil. The test section consists of liners which, after the initial contraction, are nominally parallel apart from a slight divergence to compensate for growth of the boundary layers on the wall. In order to reduce interference and blockage at transonic speeds, the top and bottom liners are ventilated by longitudinal slots backed by plenum chambers. The working section has a height and width of 178mm and 89mm respectively. The stagnation pressure, p0? in the tunnel is close to atmospheric pressure, and therefore it can be taken to be equal to the settling-chamber pressure as the errors are only small. To minimise the disturbance due to the model itself, the reference stagnation pressure, p? , is taken from a pressure tapping in the floor of the working-section, well upstream of the model. The nominal ‘free-stream’ Mach number, M? , in the tunnel can be calculated from the ratio p? /p0?. The Mach number in the tunnel can be controlled by varying the pressure of the injected air, pj. The maximum Mach number that the tunnel can achieve is about 0. 8 Mercury Manometer A multi-tube manometer with mercury was used to measure the pressure at stagnation, the aerofoil tappings and atmosphere. The manometer is equipped with a locking mechanism which allows the mercury levels to be ‘frozen’ so that readings can be taken once the flow has been stopped. Also, the angle of the manometer can be adjusted. For this experiment, it was set to 45 degrees (Motellebi, F. ,2012). Procedure Before conducting the experiment, the barometric pressure, Pat, was recorded, in inches of mercury and the atmospheric temperature, in degrees Celsius, was also recorded.For a range of  values of Pj from 10 – 110 lb/in2, in intervals of 20lb/in2, Pj was then recorded along with the manometer readings corresponding to stagnation pressure (I0? ), the reference static pressure (I? ), airfoil pressure tappings (In, n=1 to 8 and 3a ) and the atmospheric pressure (Iat), all in inches of mercury (Motellebi, F. ,2012). Results- Raw data in appendix x/c Figure 1b Cp against x/c at M= 0. 85 Figure 1a -Cp against x/c at M=0. 85 The experimental data was converted to absolute pressure values using Equation x ( units are inches of mercury).For a given value of the pressure injector (Pinjector) we can find the value of the Mach number using Equation y. Also Equation Z calculates Cp( or pressure coefficents) which reflect the measurements of the surface of the aerofoil. These results are displayed in figure x. This was done for both the supercritical aerofoil and the NACCA 0012 aerofoil. What follows is a comparison and analysis of the data. ( Figure 2b Cp against x/c at Mach speed 0. 8 Figure 2a -Cp against x/c at Mach speed 0. 81 x/c x/c Figure 3b- -Cp against x/c at Mach speed 0. 72 Figure 3a –Cp against x/c at Mach speed 0. 3 Figure 4b –Cp against x/c at Mach speed 0. 61 Figure 4a –Cp against x/ c at Mach speed 0. 61 Figure 5a- -Cp against x/c at Mach speed 0. 45 Figure 5b- -Cp against x/c at Mach speed 0. 44 Note that for both supercritical and naca0012 aerofoils the supercritical cases ( where M is equal to 0. 77, 0. 83 and 0. 840) the approximate value of x/c % where the shock occurs over the aerofoil is shown in red line. For the point below where Cp and the Cpcritical and hence the drop in Cp is greatest gives the location of where the shockwave occurs on the surface of the aerofoil. Cp and Cp* vs M? naca0012 aerofoil) Cp and Cp* vs M? (supercritical aerofoil) It is worth noting that for both the supercritical and Naca0012 aerofoil the results are somewhat similar. That is the critical Mach numbers for both are around 0. 72. Therefore the Minimum Mach number for a local shockwaves on both the supercritical and conventional aerofoil can be assumed to be the same. It is worth noting that Mach number 0. 41 for the supercritical aerofoil does not produce a shockwave, where as the Naca0012 aerofoil does. Mach number| Supercritical Aerofoil Approx position of shock| naca0012 Approx position of shock| 0. 5| -| -| 0. 61| -| -| 0. 72-0. 73| -| 0. 25x/c%| 0. 85-0. 86| 0. 70x/c%| 0. 40x/c%| Basic transonic theory An aerofoil or any object for that matter travelling through a medium (air) at low Mach numbers ( typically between 0. 30-0. 40) has flow is subsonic and can be considered incompressible. This means that any change in pressure or density is significant. The speed of sound (a) is dependent on the altitude of the aerofoil/object and the Mach number M is the ratio of velocity: M=va , a=? RT ?is a specific heat ratio, T is thel absolute temperature and R is the gas constant.The combination of these two equations above leads to: M=v? RT Sound is essentially a series of consecutive weak pressure waves emitted from a given source. These waves travel at the local speed of sound. If we assume the aerofoil is travelling towards the source, the source can noti ce the disturbances beforehand giving enough time for flow to adjust around the object. When the source begins to approach near the speed of sound, pressure waves move closer together in front of the object, therefore inadequate information from the source/disturbance is propagated upstream and the flow will not be able to react in time.The pressure waves merge together to produce a shockwave in front of the object. The flow encountering the shockwave will experience changes in temperature, static pressure and gas density as well as a lower Mach number. The transonic region is special because although flight speed is below sonic speed as the information is propagated upstream on the surface of the aerofoil the flow accelerated to the speed of sound. Thus forming a shockwave over the aerofoil. The position of this shockwave depends on the initial entry speed to the aerofoil.Therefore what we have in the transonic region is an aerofoil which has sonic speeds early upstream and subsoni c speed towards the end of the aerofoil or downstream. This means it is complicated to accurately analyse transonic flow over an aerofoil as a different set of equations must be used on the leading edge, upper surface and trailing edge. The critical upstream Mach number is the minimum value of a given Mach number for which a shockwave will be produced on the surface of an aerofoil. In other words, supersonic flow.Below this threshold a shockwave will not appear. Drag or the aerodynamic force in the transonic region again depends on the speed of the object travelling. At subsonic speeds the main component of drag are Skin friction, pressure drag and lift induced drag. At sonic speeds (approaching or exceeding) there is the addition of wave drag. The drag increases dramatically, and as a result a higher thrust is needed to sustain acceleration. Also, at this point the shockwave will interact with the boundary layer, thus causing it to separate upstream of the shock.Figure 6Demonstrati on of transonic flight-(Scott, J. , 2000) The aerofoils The two aerofoils Naca0012 and Supercritical aerofoil are different in design and purpose. The Naca0012 is a basic symmetrical aerofoil used primarily for rudder and elevator movements. Aerodynamic performance is not taken into consideration and is thus reflected by the simple aerodynamic design. It is worth noting that there are better aerofoils. The Supercritical aerofoil is a performance aerofoil designed for higher Mach speeds and drag reduction.They are distinct from conventional aerofoils by their flattened upper surface and asymmetrical design. The main advantage of this type of aerofoil is the development of shockwaves further away then traditional aerofoils and thus greatly reducing the shock induced boundary layer separation. Relating the Theory to the Experiment The critical Mach number for both the supercritical aerofoil and NACA0012 aerofoil was found to be in the region of 0,72. There is a difference to the neares t 10th but for all intents and purposes we can assume they are the same.This indicates that the minimum Mach number for a shockwave to be produced on the surface of the aerofoils is equal and not influenced via the shape. The pressure distributions of the supercritical aerofoil ( especially at Higher Mach) in comparison to the Naca0012 are more evenly distributed. The experiment confirms the theory that the supercritical aerofoil in comparison ro a conventional aerofoil generates more lift due to an even distribution of pressure over the upper surface. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Supercritical_airfoil) Effectiveness of Supercritical aerofoils.At a Mach number of 0. 45 both aerofoils do not display a shockwave. This is evident from the fact the Cp and Cp* graphs do not intersect at all. We already know this because the critical Mach number is 0. 72 for both. This indicates that either a shockwave was not produced (unlikely), or that the shockwave was produced beyond the trailing edge This means we cannot assess the effectiveness of the supercritical aerofoil at Mach speeds 0,45 and 0. 61. The supercritical Mach numbers show varying results. When the experiment took place at Mach ) 0. 72-0. 3 ( the critical Mach number) the supercritical aerofoil did not produce a shockwave ( Cp and Cp* do not intersect) whereas the naca0012 aerofoil did. The lack of a shockwave formation indicates either the critical Mach number for the supercritical aerofoil is higher then the conventional aerofoil experimental accuracy is lacking. At the supercritical mach numbers ( 0. 81-0. 86) in both the naca0012 aerofoil and the supercritical aerofoil Cp and Cp* intersect. The large drop in pressure coefficient is evidence of the formation of a shockwave.However, the pressure drop in the supercritical aerofoil is occurring at a pressure tapping further downstream. This confirms the theory that a shockwave is produced further downstream in a supercritical aerofoil This seems to confirm the theory that a supercritical aerofoils design does allow for development of shockwaves further away then traditional aerofoils and thus greater reduction in the shock induced boundary layer separation. In regards to the amount of drag (aerodynamic force) acting on the aerofoils it is worth noting that the pressure distribution at 0. 5 Mach for the supercritical aerofoil is more evenly distributed and ‘flatter’ then the naca0012 aerofoil. There is no indication of a large instantaneous increase in drag taking over. This would therefore confirm the theory that a supercritical aerofoil is effective in greatly reducing the shock induced boundary layer separation. Notes for limitations The experiment is a success since results obtained confirm the capabilities of supercritical aerofoils and their advantages over conventional aerofoils. However, there are a few discrepancies which regarding experimental error and the different aerofoils.First of all the mach numbers teste d at 0. 72 and 0. 73 created an inaccurate experiment. Normally, this would not be a problem. However, since the critical mach numbers for both aerofoil’s were in the vicinity of 0. 72 it was expected this was the minimum threshold for a shockwave to be produced over the aerofoil. A shockwave was not produced for the supercritical aerofoil despite the critical mach number value. Therefore, we can conclude that at this speed there are too many inaccuracies to understand what is really going on.We also did not really see a difference in performance at subsonic flow. Granted, the supercritical aerofoil was primarily designed for supercritical mach speed. No useful information was obtained from here. The fact the pressure tappings have different coordinates means that each aerofoil is showing the pressure distribution at a different set of coordinates. This of course, is not as accurate if the aerofoils had the same pressure tappings. For instance, the naca0012 has a pressure tap ping at 6. 5% of the aerofoil section and the last ends 75% the rest is unaccounted for.Since the supercritical aerofoil has different pressure tappings it means both aerofoils have different areas which are unaccounted for. This means it is not certain whether or not the graphs are a reliable source of information, yet alone to compare. A digital meter should also be connected that displays the pressure in the two tappings so the aerofoil can be appropriately adjusted to bring it to zero incidence. This digital meter can also be used to display the value of the mercury levels for other pressure tappings, reducing any human errors.In order to increase the accuracy of the pressure distribution over the aerofoil surface, more pressure tappings can be made on the aerofoil. These will improve the pressure coefficient graphs by allowing more points to be plotted, in turn, yielding better information for the position of the shockwave in the supercritical cases and also the critical Mach n umber for a shock to occur. References 1) http://www. southampton. ac. uk/~jps7/Aircraft%20Design%20Resources/aerodynamics/supercritical%20aerofoils. pdf 2) http://www. nasa. gov/centers/dryden/pdf/89232main_TF-2004-13-DFRC. pdf 3)